HPV Virus Medical - Pictures

Goncalves MA, Burattini MN, Donadi EA, Massad E. Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil. epigin@uol.com.br

Unsafe sexual practices may expose HIV-positive women to high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) and to infection with oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) types. A cross sectional study of 141 HIV-positive women was designed to evaluate risk factors for the development of cervico-vaginal SIL and HPV-DNA detection/typing. Uni- and multivariate forward stepwise analysis was used to determine the relationship between risk variables and HPV infection and between risk behaviour, HPV and HIV infection with development of SIL. Univariate analysis showed that HPV-DNA infection was related to previous and recurrent anogenital warts, male genital warts and cytological alteration. For final multivariate analysis, both HPV type (undetermined- and high-risk, OR=29.3 and 112.0, respectively) were statistically associated (P=0.019) with high-grade cervico-vaginal SIL. The presence of anogenital warts as well as high- and undetermined-risk HPV infection may alert to cyto/histopathological alterations. These results point out the importance of the use of barrier methods and routine early genitoscopy/treatment for HIV-infected partners.

Sex Transm Infect. 2003 Aug;79(4):320-2.

Awareness of human papillomavirus among women attending a well woman clinic.

Waller J, McCaffery K, Forrest S, Szarewski A, Cadman L, Wardle J. Cancer Research UK Health Behaviour Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, 2-16 Torrington Place, London WC1E 6BT, UK. j.waller@public-health.ucl.ac.uk

OBJECTIVES: To assess the level and accuracy of public understanding of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the United Kingdom. METHODS: Women attending a well woman clinic were asked to complete a questionnaire assessing HPV awareness and specific knowledge about the virus. RESULTS: Questionnaires were completed by 1032 women, of whom 30% had heard of HPV. Older women, non-smokers, and those with a history of candida, genital warts, or an abnormal smear result were more likely to have heard of HPV. Even among those who had heard of HPV, knowledge was generally poor, and fewer than half were aware of the link with cervical cancer. There was also confusion about whether condoms or oral contraceptives could protect against HPV infection. CONCLUSIONS: In this relatively well educated sample, awareness and knowledge of HPV were poor. Public education is urgently needed so that women participating in cervical cancer screening are fully informed about the meaning of their results, especially if HPV testing is soon to be introduced.

Cancer Lett. 2003 Jul 10;196(2):127-34.

Young women, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and human papillomavirus: risk factors for persistence and recurrence.

Frega A, Stentella P, De Ioris A, Piazze JJ, Fambrini M, Marchionni M, Cosmi EV. Department of Gynaecology, Perinatology and Childhealth, University of Rome La Sapienza, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy. a.frega@tin.it

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in young women. They can occur in one or multiple areas of the female genitalia. Usually, the vulva is the initial site of implantation for HPV. The purpose of our study is to evaluate the epidemiological aspects, incidence of single or multiple lesions in the lower genital tract, correlation between sexual behaviour and their localization and behaviour risk factors for persistence and recurrence of HPV lesions and cervical intraepithelial lesion (CIN) in a long-term follow-up among young women. We recruited 268 patients aged 11-21 years who previously had cytology and/or physical examination suspicious for HPV infection. The women were interviewed and asked information about lifestyle, sexual behaviour, work, personal or family history of genital warts and school attendance. We considered individuals to be 'smokers' if they smoked more than five cigarettes/day. No specific data were recorded about oral contraception, nevertheless, no woman had used oral contraceptives (OCs) for more than 2 years. Young women included in the study were between the age of 12 and 21 years who had HVP lesions after entry examinations and had undergone no treatment for HPV lesions prior to entry. Other exclusion criteria relevant to this study included cervical excisional treatment prior to entry or later. Two hundred and thirty-four young women were included in our study group. Our diagnostic schedule for a complete evaluation included exo- and endocervical cytology, colposcopy, directed biopsy and microcolpohysteroscopy. The treatment was performed with a LASER CO2 Coherent 400, model 451, with Zeiss photocolposcopy attachment.The finding that, among 126/234 (53.8%) adolescents using contraceptives, only 85 (36.3%) have used condom, the only barrier form of contraceptive effectively protecting against virus, shows a low awareness of the high risk for contracting HPV infection among young sexually active women. The sites most frequently affected in our study were vulva, perianus and perineum (194/234), 82.9% and the cervix (125/234), 53.4%. Vaginal lesions were detected only in 29/234 patients (12.3%). According to our data, in 161 patients, sexual habits, age at the first intercourse (P=0.68), frequency of intercourses (P=0.49) and number of lifetime partners (P=0.27) as well as age (P=0.26) play a role in transmission and incidence of HPV infection but not on the location of the lesions. This can be due to a coexistent clinical and subclinical multiple infection as well as a transmission via intercourse or from other sources, including tampons. Abnormal Pap test was related to HPV infection, but the low correlation with colposcopic and histological findings in this study justify the support of other examinations such as colposcopy and punch biopsy for diagnosis. Moreover, according to our data, cytology alone shows to be not suitable to exclude CIN (seven underestimated cases of CIN) and a closer correspondence were found between colposcopy and the result of histological sample after punch biopsy in CIN detection. More attention must be paid to psychological aspect of diagnoses and treatment among adolescents, more than older women as the high rate of patients lost shows in our study: 75/234 (32.05%) before LASER surgery and 55/159 (34.59%) during follow-up. International data shows that only 12-45% of sexually active adolescent girls have obtained Pap smear screening. In our study, we found no correlation between treatment failure and cigarette smoking or between the use of oral contraceptives and persistence/recurrence after LASER CO2 surgery. Because the small sample of our study group, further analyses were required.

Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl). 2004 Feb;193(1):35-44. Epub 2003 Jun 28.

Role of human papillomavirus in penile cancer, penile intraepithelial squamous cell neoplasias and in genital warts.

Gross G, Pfister H. Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rostock, Augustenstrasse 80-84, 18055 Rostock, Germany. gerd.gross@med.uni-rostock.de

Using PCR, the overall prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in penile carcinoma is about 40-45%, which is similar to the detection rate of HPV-DNA in vulvar carcinoma (50%). In analogy to vulvar cancer two different pathways of penile carcinogenesis seem to exist. In contrast to basaloid and warty penile cancers which are regularly HPV-associated (about 80-100%), only a part of keratinizing and verrucous penile carcinomas appear to be related with HPV (33-35%). Penile intraepithelial neoplasias comprising Bowen's disease, erythroplasia of Queyrat and bowenoid papulosis are precursor lesions of basaloid and warty carcinomas of the penis.Precursors of keratinizing carcinomas and verrucous carcinomas are not established. Whether lichen sclerosus and squamous-cell hyperplasia precede penile keratinizing carcinoma is a matter of discussion. Giant condylomata acuminata may precede the development of verrucous carcinomas in some cases. Since high risk HPVs are more frequently found in verrucous carcinomas than in giant condylomas, HPV typing may be a helpful diagnostic step to differentiate giant condyloma from verrucous carcinoma.

Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2003 May-Jun;7(3):271-6.

Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer: not just a sexually transmitted disease.

Likes WM, Itano J. wlikes@utcancerinstitute.com

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is the cause of virtually all cancers of the cervix, the fourth most common cancer in women in the United States. HPV is sexually transmitted, and the lifetime risk of contracting the virus is estimated to be 75%-90%. New methods of detecting HPV infection and cellular changes (dysplasia) caused by HPV can greatly reduce the mortality associated with this virus. More than 100 types of HPV exist and may be classified as low-, intermediate-, or high-risk in terms of causing cancer. The virus can cause genital warts, subclinical dysplasia, and cancer. Nurses play an important role in educating patients regarding HPV and preventive measures as well as in screening and treatment. Most women diagnosed with HPV need emotional support and factual information provided in a supportive, nonjudgmental manner. Nurses can meet this challenge and make a difference in reducing the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer.

Publication Types:
• Review
• Review, Tutorial

Pediatr Dermatol. 2003 May-Jun;20(3):191-4.

Genital carriage of human papilloma virus (HPV) DNA in prepubertal girls with and without vulval disease.

Powell J, Strauss S, Gray J, Wojnarowska F. Department of Dermatology, Radcliffe Hospitals, Oxford, UK. jjphbp@aol.com

Human papilloma virus (HPV) can reach a child's anogenital area by vertical transmission or by close contact, which can be either sexual or nonsexual. Our objective was to compare HPV in prepubertal girls with and without lichen sclerosus (LS). We compared the frequencies and types of HPV in girls with LS with those in children with non-LS vulval disease (vulval swab and urine) and in children with no known vulval disease (urine only). HPV DNA was detected using a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with general and consensus primers amplifying a region of the L1 gene, and PCR amplicons were typed using reverse hybridization with labeled HPV type-specific probes. Specimens untypeable by this method were typed by DNA sequencing. In the cohort of children with LS, we recorded the presence of maternal anogenital warts or a dysplastic cervical smear within 3 years of the affected child's birth. We found that HPV was present in the urine and vulval swabs of 8 of 32 children with LS and in 2 of 31 children with non-LS vulval disease, but also in the urine of 7 of 29 controls. In those with LS, the frequency was not increased significantly, but the types were predominantly those commonly associated with dysplasia of the cervix, penis, vulva, and anus, as opposed to the broader spectrum of types found in the control group, not all dysplasia associated. Two of the 32 mothers reported warts, and 15 of 32 (46.9%) had an abnormal smear. (The national average of abnormal cervical smears is less than 10%.) We concluded that HPV appears to be common in all prepubertal girls, but children with LS carried types associated with dysplasia and their mothers had had a high incidence of dyskaryotic smears.

Publication Types:
• Clinical Trial

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2002;3(1):69-72.

The Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus in Cervical Cancer in Iran.

Mortazavi S, Zali M, Raoufi M, Nadji M, Kowsarian P, Nowroozi A. P.O.Box 11365-3175, Tehran, Iran. mortazav@ams,.ac.

Background: The human papiloma virus (HPV), which is sexually transmitted, and most commonly causes genital warts, has been linked to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive carcinoma. Of ninety plus types of HPV, HPV-16 is the most prevalent in cervical cancer, followed by HPV-18, and HPV-33. As HPV's implication has not been assessed in the Middle East the main focus of this retrospective study was to determine the prevalence of HPV -16,18, and 33 in cases of cervical cancer from Iran. Material and Methods: This retrospective study covered 100 patients with uterine cervical carcinomas who were referred to two referral centers for cancer in Tehran-Iran. Pathological blocks were collected for these cases and initial review of the blocks showed poor specimens in 18 cases, which left 82 cases for the study. These samples were histologically examined to verify the presence and the type of carcinoma. The next step was in situ hybridzation for the detection of HPV common DNA. In Situ hybridization was preformed on all samples. Finally, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was preformed for the HPV types 16, 18, and 33. PCR amplification of exon 5 of the p53 gene was used as an internal control for the integrity of DNA. Takara PCR Human papilloma Detection method was used which includes primer for HPV 16, 18, and 33. Three primers were used alone, or in combination, in order to increase the sensitivity of the detection. Results: The majority of tumors were squamous cell carcinomas (87%). The rest were adenosquamous carcinoma and adenocarcinomas. None of the 82 different cervical carcinoma tissue samples were found to be positive by in situ hybridization. In the PCR samples, amplification of DNA was observed for 69 tumor specimens. In the remainning13 cases, the DNA in fixed tissue was degraded, as verified by the absence of an internal control band (p53). Out of the total 69 tumors (85.5%) with adequate DNA contained HPV band on PCR. The majority (73.9%) of HPV positive tumors contained HPV-16; the rest (11.6%) demonstrated type 18 and 33. There was no correlation between the histology of carcinoma and presence of types of HPV. Conclusion: The prevalence of HPV in carcinomas of uterine cervix in Iran is similar to those reported in other regions of the world. Similarly, it appears that HPV-16 is the most common type associated with cervical cancer in Iran. Further studies on larger samples of patients, particularly in those with pre-invasive forms of the disease, are needed to elucidate the carcinogenic role of HPV types in cervical cancer in Iranian women.

HPV Virus Medical - HPV Pictures Links

Cold Sores and Genital Warts - It is a collection of pictures of the effects caused by Genital Wart. Some of these Genital Wart pictures are highly graphic.

Genital Wart Pictures - Here you can find many images of HPV and other STDs.